After reaching this level, the average cost starts increasing. The value of output at which the profit is maximum (50 units) can be checked by increasing or decreasing the value of Q by 1. The relationship between a dependent and independent variable can be represented as a straight line on a graph. Therefore, we can determine the value of Q for minimizing Q with the help of the derivative of the AC function that can be calculated as follows: By equating the preceding equation with zero, we get. Linear programming technique is most commonly used for solving out profit maximization problems. The analysis aims to determine how effectively the economy or something within it is operating. Therefore, 10 units is the optimum solution for the preceding problem. Economics is a st udy of an Economy: Economics can be defined as a study of economic system in its various aspects like (a) structure (b) working (c) performance (d) problems (d) and their possible solutions. Economic analysis helps charities and their funders compare the value of the impact created by a social intervention with the cost of creating it. A business may perform a cost-benefit analysis before, for example, purchasing four robots for the warehouse.  The central focus of economics is on scarcity of resources and choices among their alternative uses. D) in all decision making. In other words, linear programming provides the best solution for the allocation of resources and for the optimization problem under specific conditions. The iso-cost line for optimum solution is IC. In such a case, the demand function can be expressed as follows: Production function can be expressed as follows: The cost function can be expressed as follows: For partial derivative, we have certain rules of differentiation. Some people may refer to it as a feasibility study. 2000 is not appropriate, as it does not feasible in the linear programming conditions. Economic analysis is the study of economic systems. Therefore, the demand of a product is a dependent variable. Total Revenue (TR) can be determined by taking the product of price and quantity of a product that can be expressed a follows: For example, if a price function is as follows: Now, we need to determine the value of Q at which the revenue is maximum. The linear relationship between input-output is represented by a linear equation. In such a case, -∆P = 3-5 = -2 and ∆D = 14-10 = 4. On the other hand, if the slope is negative, then the line moves down when going from left to right. Application of Linear Programming Technique: Linear programming technique help in business decision-making by finding out solution for various business problems, such as maximization of profit, minimization of cost, and expansion problems. Business economic thus lies on the borderline between economic and business management and serves as a bridge between the two disciplines. Economists maintain that the unit of analysis is the individual; members of a group are assumed to pursue their own goals rather than the group’s objectives. In such a case, the slope of the demand curve would be as follows: Where, -∆P = change in price (independent variable), ∆D = change in demand variable (dependent variable). Ragnar Frisch presented in the first issue of Econometrica the following explanation of the discipline: Only the iso-profit line of Rs. Additionally, fixing defects after delivering products is much more expensive than doing so beforehand. It first discusses the main features of positive and normative economic analysis and the meaning of “consequentialism.” It then analyzes the deontological critique of consequentialism, specifically consequentialism's lack of constraints on attaining the best outcomes. Here negative sign indicates the inverse relationship between demand and price of a product. The production function of partial differentiation is as follows: The rules of partial derivation can be stated as under: a. In addition, it contains the solution of profit maximization problem.Now, we need to determine the point at which the combination of P and Q yields the maximum profit. For example, the slope between two points A and D is -0.44 but the slope between the points that lie in between these two points is large, B and C is -0.66. Purpose of an Empirical Analysis A. Helps small organizations to earn high profits and reduce per unit cost of production. In this type of analysis, we weigh a project’s effectiveness against its price. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Let us understand the derivative of product functions of two different functions with the help of an example. For example, the price of a product in the supply and demand model is endogenous. Refer to variables that are independent and are not affected by a change in any other variable. There are certain assumptions made for solving the optimization problems with the help of linear programming. For this purpose economics can be defined as the study of the processes by which scarce resources are or might be allocated toward the achievement of diverse competing objectives. An economic variable refers to the any economic quantity whose value changes with a change in its determinants or change in economic activities. The warehouse workers’ duties do not include checking the quality of the goods. 30,000 for D and Rs. Therefore, the cost of automating the warehouse is $600,000. Therefore, the output should be equal to 50 for getting the maximum value of TR. economic analysis from the classical economists to Mises, the manner in which these propositions depend upon our understanding of human nature came itself to be understood in a more profound way-with consequently more sensitive apprecia- In non-linear demand function, the slope of demand curve changes at every point. Economic analysis is most useful when used early in the project cycle, for … The numerator states the monetary benefit gained from the treatment and the denominator defines the monetary investment for the treatment. Let us understand the use of derivative with the help of an example. Macroeconomics is a study in aggregates. For example, an organization has two products, A and B that can be produced with the help of two inputs, P and Q. Economic analysis can address the following questions/issues: •. The main aim of economic analysis is to identify the nature of economic variables and determine the level of relationship between two or more related economic variables. Various economic, industrial and company specific factors can have a direct bearing on prices of securities. When Z is constant, the derivative of Y with respect to X is equal to: When X is constant, the derivative of Y with respect to Z is equal to: However, if the X and Z are in the form of a product as follows: Then, the derivative of Y with respect to X is as follows: Similarly, the derivative of Y with respect to Z would be as follows: Optimization techniques are used to determine the value of independent variable that maximizes or minimizes the value of defendent variable. Similarly, total revenue function has quantity sold and advertisement expenditure as independent variables. This is because the price of the product is set in response to consumer demand. To answer the question, first gather data about projected costs and revenues. He teaches at the Richard Ivey School of Business and serves as a research fellow at the Lawrence National Centre for Policy and Management. The combination of output of C and D, at which the cost is minimum, is determined in Table-5: In Table-5, the least cost is at point P of iso-cost line IJ. Let us understand the derivatives of these functions in detail. This can be done in two ways, which are as follows: i. They may choose from several different methods. Economic growth of a country is possible if the exact condition of the economy is determined. Nature of Managerial Economics The practical use of economic principles in managerial economics is used to solve the future planning and problems of management. hence, it is often called aggregative economics. These techniques are useful for making various managerial decisions. In his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, economist Adam Smith argued that individuals A) … Further, economics helps in integrating various sciences such as mathematics, statistics, etc. Let us plot the calculated equations of C and D on the graph as shown in Figure-7: In Figure-7, MN line represents the line of labor constraint, JK and TR represents the line of constraints for other inputs. Therefore, a change in one economic variable brings changes in the value of other economic variables. Permits change in one independent variable at a time, b. Adopts the same rule for differentiation as in case of one independent and one dependent variable. Second derivative refers to the derivative of first derivative of a function. The example of such production function is agricultural industry in India. Normative focuses on prescriptive statements, and help Helps the organization to expand its scale of production. Let us first understand the concept of derivative. In our example, the non-negativity condition can be expressed as follows: The complete linear programming equation can be expressed as follows: To solve the preceding linear programming equations, the graphical method is used discussed below. JLKO is the only area that can satisfy the conditions of both P and Q constraints. It is a systematic approach to determine the optimum use of scarce resources, compare available alternatives, and select the best alternative to achieve a particular goal.  It shows how scarce resources can be used to increase wealth and human welfare. This chapter presents welfare economics and its consequentialist nature. Cost benefit analysis (CBA) is an economic analysis in which both the costs and consequences are expressed in monetary terms. Economic analysis involves assessing or examining topics or issues from an economist’s perspective. 4. The Nature of Econometrics 1.1 What is Econometrics? Economic analysis is used A) only in economics classrooms. 5. Before publishing your Articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Specifically, what the impact of the economic climate is or might be on the company’s ability to operate commercially. Economists analyse many different aspects of human behaviour and decision-making within and between markets, organisations and countries. In such a case, -∆P = 5-6 = -1 and ∆D = 10-8 = 2. Economic analysis starts by raising a question, such as whether expanding production will increase sales revenue. Out of which 4 units of input P is used for the production of output A and 2 units of input P is used for the production of output B. The iso- profits of Rs. Macro-Economics may be defined as that branch of economic analysis which studies behavior of not one particular unit, but of all the units combined together. For this, we need to determine the slope of objective function as follows: Therefore, the slope of iso-profit line is equal to-5/4. For the preceding function, the derivative can be described as follows: In case, the production function is represented as follows: Then, the derivative can be expressed as follows: Let us understand the application of the derivative of function of sum or difference of two different functions with the help of following examples: (a) In case, the production function is Y = 5X + 2X3, then, (b) In case, the production function is Y = 5X2 – 2X4, then, δY/ δX = 2 * 5X2-1 – 4 * 2X4-1 = 10 – 8X3. In such a case, we arrive at point B from point A. Similarly, we can draw a tangent from point C and calculate the slope of tangent or slope at point C of demand curve. If the price of a product decreases (- AP), then the demand for that product would increase (AD). Therefore, the slope of the demand curve is equal to: Therefore, the slope between the points M and K is 0.5. Helps in planning the set-up of a new production plant. Let us first determine the level of profit at output level of 50 units as follows: In both the cases, the value of total profit is less than the value of total profit when the level of output is equal to 50. Let us continue the example of demand function. ii. TOS4. The shape of line determines the type of relationship between the two variables. This implies that demand of a product falls with increase in its prices and vice versa. For example, generally, organizations strive to determine the level of output that would minimize the cost of production or maximize their profits. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Economics. Economics (/ ɛkəˈnɒmɪks, iːkə -/) is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Let us consider an example to understand the optimization of multivariate functions (having two independent variables). b. Suppose the two functions are as follows: The derivative of Y with respect to U can be expressed as follows: Putting the value of U in the preceding equation, we get. Changes in economic conditions affect and are affected by supply and demand, strength of buying power and the willingness to spend, and the intensity of competitive efforts. Cost/benefit and cost/effectiveness analyses are just two of several types of economic analysis. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge The formula used for the calculation of MC is as follows: The value of ∆Q is assumed to be one. Macroeconomics focuses on the growth of an economy as a whole by undertaking the study of various economic aggregates, such as … Abstract: Any investment project requires an economic analysis. Economic variables can be classified as follows: Involve those variables whose values are dependent on the values of other variables. This implies that the proportional relationship among variables is same at every level of output. The cost/effectiveness analysis finds that losing this fault detection feature might cost more than $4.9 million over a decade. 200 and Rs. According to the rule of minimization, the derivative of the function should be zero for minimizing the function. Economic analysis is performed with the help of various tools, which are shown in Figure-1: The different tools of economic analysis (as shown in Figure-1) are discussed in detailed below. If variables cannot be added together, they have no meaning in linear programming. The linear programming technique is used to find out the values of A and B in the preceding equation. Therefore, it is required to know the optimization of functions with more than one independent variable. However, economic application of linear programming is very rare as it provides less information regarding the working of an economy. Apart from economists, statisticians and mathematicians may also carry out economic analysis. It is a systematic approach to determine the optimum use of scarce resources, compare available alternatives, and select the best alternative to achieve a particular goal. Suppose the production function is Y =5X2 (4X + 3), then the derivative of the production function can be calculated as follows: There are certain functions in which one variable is a function of another variable. Therefore, it is not a proper method for the determination of slope. The people conducting the analysis carry out an in-depth appraisal of the market’s strengths and weaknesses. 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