Patients need to be aware that if they have periodontitis which can be effectively treated and if they do not have the disease, it can be prevented. “Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors associated with the development of periodontal disease and the disease increase with the number of cigarettes per day” (Kachlany 44). Risk indicators for periodontal disease in a racially diverse urban population. Therefore it is important for professionals to be aware of the latest research and keep patients informed. Inadequate nutrition, including vitamin C deficiency 9. In presence of any of these risk factors, extra care must be taken including careful oral hygiene and regular dental visits in order to avoid the development of periodontal diseases. Low income population, ethnic minorities and the elderly show the higher incidence of gum disease, mainly due to lack of access to dental health care and dental insurance. The inflammatory and metabolic states of the periodontal tissues are driven by the infectious stimuli, and the magnitude of the cellular and molecular signature response is further dictated by the host genetic and epigenetic traits associated with various systemic exposures, including smoking, obesity and diabetes/hyperglycemia. mechanisms and some are acquired via environmental factors or lifestyle. Genetics 3. Have questions about your smile? Identification through genetic testing that a patient is in this high risk group should be followed by early interventive treatment to help them keep their teeth. functional impairments and change in financial status. However, age is only one of the risk factors of periodontal disease. In fact, 70.1% of adults65 years and older have periodontal disease. Fillings that have become defective 9. Risk for peri‐implantitis is increased by long‐term use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (3.2 ×), bisphosphonates (2.69 ×) and SSRIs (6.28 ×), as well as alcohol use (> 5 units per day; 2.3 ×). Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy or menopause 6. Patients at risk should be seen a minimum of at least once a year if they have no periodontal disease. Other risk factors include: 1. Dry mouth helps bacterial growth by increasing the level of mouth’s pH due to reduced flow of saliva that plays a regulatory role. Our patients need to be educated on what periodontitis is and the associated risk factors for the disease. Emotional stress may have negative effects on immune system, increasing the potential of a bacterial infection to develop and cause periodontal disease. Female hormonal changes, such as with pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives Now that you’ve learned about predisposing factors in detail, we will now move on and discuss two other equally-important factors that contribute to the development of Periodontal Gum Disease – risk and modifying factors. Because of this relationship, periodontitis is now a risk factor for certain systemic illnesses. To prevent Disease stress. mainly due to lack of access to dental health care and dental insurance. Systemic risk factors include poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and tobacco smoking. Health conditions that decrease your immunity 9. Genetics 10. The most studied factors are the following: smoking, diabetes, poor oral hygiene, obesity and osteoporosis. © YYYY Colgate-Palmolive Company. The second is inflammation with suppuration (pus) and progressive bone loss. However like natural teeth, they can also develop periodontal conditions. Heredity 6. The Two-way Relationship Between Diabetes and Periodontal Disease. Menopause is linked to a painful condition called desquamative gingivitis, where the outer layers of the gums separate from the underlying tissue, exposing nerve endings. Implants in function for a significant number years can develop peri-implantitis. by either contributing to the formation of bacterial plaque or/and by reducing the body’s ability to respond to bacterial infections. The gums become so loose that the outer layers can be easily rubbed away. Stress also is a risk factor for periodontal disease. As already stated, the non-modifiable risk factors are also referred to as risk determinants. This preventive care approach has been clinically shown to work. Socioeconomic Factors. Obesity. Again, these factors are systemic factors that are either a medical problem or a behavioral condition. High levels of progesterone increase the blood flow and fluid retention of the gingival tissues causing swelling, irritation and tenderness of the gums. ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. There are two diseases that have been identified around functioning dental implants in the oral cavity. are the main causes of gum disease, Risk Factors for developing Periodontal Disease, Bridges that no longer fit properly trap food debris and allow dental plaque to accumulate and grow between the crown and gums, Malocclusion - Crooked teeth make difficult the removal of dental plaque. Stress is linked to many serious conditions such as hypertension, cancer, and numerous other health problems. What triggers gum disease? smoking (Box 3-2), poor oral hygiene compliance. The tissue will show redness, swelling and bleeding. Conditions that cause decreased immunity, such as leukemia, HIV/AIDS and cancer treatment 12. Journal of Periodontology 2000;71:1874–1881. Bridges that no longer fit properly 11. smoking) even if they may have a confounding effect on the disease. A periodontal exam and assessment of both new and current patients in the dental practice is more important than ever. These hereditary causes of gum disease involve several immune system defects that reduce the body’s ability to fight the anaerobic bacteria responsible for causing plaque and periodontal disease. Stress 5. Smoking or chewing tobacco 7. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) is where the infection leads to attachment loss, and involves only the gingiva, periodontal ligament and alveolar ligament. A periodontal exam and assessment of both new and current patients in the dental practice is more important than ever. Older age 5. Author information: (1)Department of Peiodontics Baylor College of Dentistry Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. Implants have been a significant clinical advancement for our patients. Learn more about our commitment to oral health education. J Periodontol 1996;67:1041-9. Periodontal disease is considered a disease of the poor. Other factors increasing the risk of developing periodontal disease: Risk factors that may make older people more susceptible include general health status, diminished immune status, medications, depression, worsening memory, decreased salivary flow, Several conditions can increase the susceptibility to periodontal disease, diabetes) or habits (e.g. Yes, Certain systemic or acquired risk factors are possible to control or eliminate if the patient is willing to do so. in over 80% of patients with periodontal disease there is also at least one or more of the other predisposing risk factors. Another common gums problem during pregnancy are the so called ‘pregnancy tumors’, large red lumps formed on inflamed gum tissue near the gum line. While poor oral hygiene and the overgrowth of certain types of harmful bacteria It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. In one study, periodontal pathogens were present in 1-year olds in 83% of preterm infants and in 96% of full-term infants. Mouth breathing can cause dry mouth increasing the risk of gum disease. Research demonstrates that stress can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infection, including periodontal diseases. Cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoking as risk factors for periodontal disease and tooth loss. Copyright 2010-2017 DentalDiseases.org. Recent studies have revealed several potentially important periodontal risk … Treatment can be both nonsurgical and surgical, depending on the severity of the problem.If these five concepts can form the core competency of the hygiene center of your practice today, your office and your patients will benefit immediately. Gingivitis is highly prevalent in both the adolescent and adult patients. Systemic risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal disease • Systemic risk factors include smoking, diabetes mellitus, race, genetic factors, male gender, polymorphonuclear (PMN) functional abnormalities, low economic status, low educational level, acquired systemic infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and severe malnutrition ( Table 11.1 ). Why is periodontal risk assessment important for comprehensive patient care? Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease. Certain medications that cause dry mouth or gum changes 11. Modifiable risk factors are usually environmental or behavioral in nature, whereas non-modifiable risk factors are usually intrinsic to the individual and therefore can not be easily changed. The best way to identify a periodontal condition in a patient is still through periodontal probing and pocket depth measurements and evaluation for recession, bleeding and mobility. Underlying immuno-deficiencies—e.g., AIDS 8. Periodontal disease may affect the host’s susceptibility to systemic disease through sungingival plaque acting as reservoirs of Gram –ve bacteria transient bacteremia release of microbial toxins & … There are five key concepts that an oral health provider should know about periodontitis risk factors. Periodontal disease (PD) encompasses both gingivitis and periodontitis. Smoking or chewing tobacco 4. Combined with an existing gum disease problem, teeth grinding and clenching can cause the faster destruction of periodontal tissues. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Hormonal changes (sometimes caused by pregnancy or menopause) 2. Acquired immune suppression and other risk factors/indicators for periodontal disease progression. The first is peri-implant mucositis, which is gingival inflammation with no bone loss around the implant. Substance abuse 5. Substance abuse 7. Factors that can increase your risk of periodontitis include: 1. Life style risk factors, e.g. Almost half of all adults over 30 have some form of periodontal disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which also warns that certain risks can predispose you to or influence the severity of the disease… Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease may promote oropharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens (PRPs) including Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, etc. The inflammation of the gums in combination with poor oral hygiene can cause severe periodontal disease. Patients genetically susceptible to gum disease may experience periodontal health problems even if they have good oral hygiene habits. Our patients need to be educated on what periodontitis is and the associated risk factors for the disease. In order to be acquired a representative study sample the study population was stratified by age and gender. The most studied are the following health issues: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and pregnancy complications. There are five key concepts that an oral health provider should know about periodontitis risk factors. Start studying Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease. Several features of this site will not function whilst javascript is disabled. Smoking 2. To establish a factor as a risk factor or determinant for periodontal disease, the evidence … This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general oral health topics. Any rise in the female hormones level makes women during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and those using oral contraceptives more susceptible to gum diseases. Uncontrolled or poorly controlled diabetes Type 2 increases the risk by 2.75 times. Obesity could be a potential risk factor for periodontal disease especially among younger individuals. A simple questionnaire or assessment can provide this information and educate the patient on potential oral health care issues. Certain medications 8. [3][4] [5] Social and behavioral factors include cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, nutritional status, psychological factors and excessive alcohol consumption. 47 Putative periodontal pathogens may spread between family members 54 which could explain how colonization by periodontal pathogens in early childhood occurs in a larger proportion than previously reported. Information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about the causes of periodontal disease, its warning signs, risk factors, and prevention and treatment. The first concept is that the prevalence of the two major periodontal diseases is still high in the United States population. Inadequate nutrition 4. Stanford TW(1), Rees TD. According to the CDC, periodontal disease increased with age. Patients with periodontal disease, even if effectively treated in the past, must be seen a minimum of twice a year if not more. While a large body of data implicates neutrophil dysfunction, either intrinsic or acquired (bacterially or extrinsically induced), as a significant risk factor for the periodontal diseases, clear, prospective, longitudinal epidemiologic studies to evaluate this association remain to be performed. Not taking proper care of your teeth and mouth is the most common reason of developing the gum disease. Genetic causes are also linked with some rare early onset types of periodontal diseases in younger age patients with otherwise good oral health. Both are initiated by plaque and are influenced by the immune and inflammatory responses of each individual. J Periodontol 1994; 65:521–529. Main text: Inflammation of the gingiva appears to be a normal and physiological response to the presence of commensal bacteria along the gingival crevice and in the dental biofilm. This may be caused by major life events or daily minor hassles (LeResche and Dworkin 2002). Periodontal disease is considered a disease of the poor. Fortunately, it is a modifiable risk factor unlike age, sex and genetic factors. Therefore such a plan could involve stopping smoking, changing medications, dietary and oral hygiene habits, correcting faulty restorations or treating malocclusion, in addition These factors can increase your risk of periodontal disease or make it worse once the infection has set in. It has been reported that up to 35 percent of implant patients can have periodontal issues around their implants. Among the most common are: heredity, smoking, diabetes, stress, medication, nutrition, poor oral hygiene, faulty dentistry, hormonal variations, immunocompromise, connective tissue diseases, and previous history of active perio disease. Low income population, ethnic minorities and the elderly show the higher incidence of gum disease, A diet low in important nutrients can reduce the ability of the immune system to fight infections, therefore making it easier for dental plaque to cause gum disease. Home care remains to be extremely important and patients can be referred to the Colgate website for the latest information on oral hygiene products that are effective in maintaining good oral health. Ask the Colgate Chatbot! 10 A systematic review of the effects of periodontal disease on diabetes was recently published 3 which summarizes evidence for the two-way relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes. Obesity could be a potential risk factor for periodontal disease especially among younger individuals. Periodontal Disease Status and Associated Risk Factors in Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia Javascript is currently disabled in your browser. The most common risk factors for developing gum disease are: Several studies indicate that may persons have a predisposal to gum disease. Thus, a sample of 1,850 individuals, 938 males and 912 females aged 49 to 80 years was invited to participate. Diseases such as rheumatoid … Other factors increasing the risk of developing periodontal disease: Gingivitis 2. Many risk factors increase the likelihood of periodontal disease development, as well as the severity and speed at which it may occur. The risk factors for periodontal diseases can be classified broadly into two categories: modifiable risk factors and non-modifiable risk factors. Periodontal disease is considered a disease of the poor. 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