Collectively, these criteria limit overly-broad targeting policies, while distinguishing occasions of legitimate military targeting from common, criminal activities. Exclusion and integration of migrants in the host country are seen as dynamic processes, which may be contradictory but operate in parallel. Albania to Greece: economic, social and spatial exclusion', in Russell King et al., op. 'The limitations of official statistics in relation to the criminality of migrants in Greece', Police Intercorrelations between the Gr-DAP-R subscales supported the relative independence of death attitudes dimensions. Media in category "Greece in the 1990s" The following 22 files are in this category, out of 22 total. See R. Jowell and the Central Coordinating Team, European Social Survey 2002/2003: Technical Report, Centre for Greece: processes of economic and social incorporation', Journal of Ethnic Migration Greece's productivity was much less productive than other EU nations making Greek goods and services less competitive and plunging the nation into insurmountable debt during the 2007 global financial crisis. We find that the press frequently portrays immigrants as undocumented, presenting images of the border as well as immigrant arrests and detentions. Migration from Central and Eastern Europe and societal security in the European Union. The treaty limits government deficits to 3% of GDP and public debt to 60% of GDP. Greece Had Some Of The Coolest Police Cars Of The 1990s To Fight Street Racing. ), The New Geography of European Migration, Belhaven In the 1990s, Albanians were stereotyped in the Greek press and became associated with criminality. Imagined Communities, Verso, London, 1991. January 2004, p. 164). Day centres for homeless people: Spaces of care or fear? Thus, this paper uses the (in)securitization theoretical framework, and the (in)securitization process that took place in Greece in 2012 as a case study. Xenophobia and Development, Alexandria, Athens, 1998 (in Greek); Eurobarometer Opinion Poll No. 1991-04-01 ca-16-00-00 Mo N6701 D-600 Thess-1445-0 Drama-18h01 Istanb7h50p34 FWH600dpi -2GrdKp10.jpg 2,910 × 1,940; 284 KB However, as revealed in comparisons made possible by the newly available data set from Greece's first regularization programme, the migration experience of Greece departs radically from that of other southern European countries. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. 'World reports 2000. immigrants', The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), August 2006. In this essay their migration process, numbers, settlement patterns and demographic characteristics are presented. designed to contain and control homeless people. cit., p. 80. The initial response in Greece to the unexpected emergence of mass migration to that country in the 1990s was one that framed the issue of migration as a threat to both Greek culture and individuals' personal security—as existential dangers from which both the Greek state and society needed protection. citizenship: the Greek case', paper presented at the Second LSE PhD Symposium on Modern This article focuses on the securitization of migration in Greece through the case of the Evros anti-immigrant fence. ; Eleni-Andriani, 'Immigration's part in the reconfiguration of 'Who is against immigration? To do so, we collect a unique dataset of images appearing in three major national news magazines’ articles about, Research examining juror perceptions of juveniles tried as adults has provided mixed results, with some studies providing evidence of bias against juveniles tried as adults, and others finding no evidence of this bias. ), On Security, Columbia Our findings are particularly important in light of research establishing that such portrayals contribute to more hostile attitudes about immigration in the U.S. as well as greater support for punitive immigration policy among Whites. Racism and Discrimination against Immigrants and Minorities in Greece: The State of Play, Hellenic League for Human Rights. Tensions between Turkey and several eastern Mediterranean states could soon escalate into the most dangerous crisis the region has faced since the late 1990s. A transformation of such attitudes would require a public recognition of the widespread racism that exists in Greek society. Papandreou up to old mischief, riling outsiders to hide home ills. ), Population Movements and Development, Papazisis, There is some speculation, however, that Albanian Muslims are not viewed as Muslim by most Us? Generally, self-employed, wealthier workers tended to under-report income while over-reporting debt payments. Greece: human rights developments',, http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/ Migration Citizenship Education Programme, 2006,, http://www.migrationeducation.org/ Since the 1990s, Greece has become an important country for migrants both as a final destination and as a transit stop between countries of origin and other countries in the EU. The ramifications of these findings for policy makers are discussed in the context of current debates about immigration and European integration. I do not attach a grade to the coin as grading is very subjective. The major conclusion is that a Jef Huysmans-type deconstructivist strategy, while perhaps conducive to the desecuritization of the individual migrant, is not possible in the case of the collective minority; indeed, the desecuritization of minority rights may well be ‘logically impossible’ in certain cases. State of Play, Hellenic League for Human Rights, Athens, April 2007, p. 2,, http://diversity. Bend. immigrants', The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), August 2006. Ole Waever, 'Societal security: the concept', in Ole Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and By the late 1990s it had become easier for Greeks to obtain their pensions and get medical care. In studying the who, we must consider the how. Greece’s main trading partners are Italy, Germany, Turkey, Russia, and Iraq. We argue that this policy is defined by the commitments and the obligations undertaken by Greece as a member of the EU, but also by the number, the ethnic composition, the economic and social situation of immigrants, the attitudes of Greeks towards them and, also, the effects of their presence. Please look at the scan and grade the coin for yourself as this is the actual coin you will receive. In 2004, the Greek government openly admitted that its budget figures had been doctored to meet the entry requirements for the Eurozone's single currency. Can economic interests trump ethnic hostility? The present research aimed to clarify this issue by examining the roles of generic prejudice and emotion in jurors’ judgments of juveniles tried as adults. Whether you visit its diverse rural areas or its incredible bustling cities, you are sure to find interesting people, sights, and adventures. Having given up independent monetary policy Greece could no longer devalue its currency relative to that of Germany’s. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. This is due to the attitudes of Greek opinion and concerns about the possibility that the immigrants could in the long term create problems of national integration. Moreover, when immigrants are working, they are disproportionately engaged in low-skilled activities. Xenophobia and racism increased with the rise of the number of immigrants but never became a salient topic in Greek politics, as newly arriving immigrants from neighbouring countries were perceived as temporary and a Greek 'ethos of hospitality and solidarity' still prevailed in public sentiments (Kiprianos et al., 2003; ... 22 At the same time, Greek mass attitudes during this period were marked by a preference for cultural homogeneity and a security perception of migrants connecting migrants to increasing levels of crime. This served to worsen Greece’s trade balance, increasing its current account deficit. Greece is a maritime, mountainous country in south/east Europe, bounded by Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the east. In acknowledging the risks and tensions underpinning the migrant's presence on stage, the article also applies pressure to questions of encounter, authenticity, representation, and self-expression, and it interrogates some ways in which migratory subjects navigate the precarious space of belonging and author themselves in the context of contemporary Greek theatre. In line with this argument, xenophobia should have been accentuated in Greece after the outburst of the economic crisis in 2009. Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre (eds), Identity, Migrations and the These austerity measures created a vicious cycle of recession with unemployment reaching 25.4% in August 2012. The main questions the article will try to address are: How have Greek political, On the evening of Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination, Jim Lehrer asked the India experts who were guests on his McNeil-Lehrer News Hour if the Gandhi family had been the glue that held India together. ; Miltos Pavlou, 'The smugglers of fear: racist discourse For most of the 2000s, the interest rates that Greece faced were similar to those faced by Germany. The adoption of the euro only highlighted the competitiveness gap as it made German goods and services relatively cheaper than those in Greece. See also Barry BuzanNew patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. Us? While indeed spurring economic growth for a number of years, the country still had not dealt with its deep-seated fiscal problems which, contrary to what some might think, were not primarily the result of excessive spending. Anna Maria Mayda, Are you joking? Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greece in the 1990s. Our analysis demonstrates a general tendency to frame immigrants in a negative light, consistent with a “threat” narrative but inconsistent with actual immigrant demographics. It is hypothesised that talk on immigration involves a re-elaboration of national identity and re-definition of the ingroup/nation and outgroup/immigrant representation. See, for example. Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe, Routledge, New York, 1998, p. 355. As a percentage of GDP, Greece’s social spending expenditures were 10.3% in 1980, 19.3% in 2000 and 23.5% in 2011, whereas Germany’s social expenditures during the same periods were 22.1%, 26.6%, and 26.2%, respectively. The financial crisis was largely the result of structural problems that ignored the loss of tax revenues due to systematic tax evasion. Those main concerns are counterbalanced, to some extent, by the contribution of immigrants to the economy. One driving factor of these contestations is that the solidarity challenge in facing the ‘refugee crisis’ is taken up differently in transit countries in the South of Europe and destination countries in the North. Ranking the effects of the above four factors across three different but related professional groups, a high level of consistency was evident. Pierre Lemaitre (eds), Identity, Migrations and the New Security Agenda in Europe, St Martin's Stathis Balias and Vaggelis PassasGreek policy towards immigration and immigrants' , Social Policy and Administration. As long as borrowing costs remained relatively cheap and the Greek economy was still growing, such issues continued to be ignored. At the individual level, cultural and national identity, economic interests and the level of information about immigration are all important predictors of attitudes. The article therefore suggests that ‘managing’ securitized issues might be more profitable than trying to ‘transform’ them. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, (In)securitization and illiberal practices on the fringe of the EU, Transnational Solidarity, Migration, and the Refugee Crisis: (In)Formal Organising and Political Environments in Greece, Germany, and Denmark, Securitizing Migration in the European Union: Greece and the Evros Fence, Urban policies in Athens at a time of crisis, 19. The recession weakened Greece’s already paltry tax revenues, which caused the deficit to worsen. Of all the European Union (EU) member countries, Greece needed the most structural adjustment to comply with the 1992 Maastricht Treaty guidelines. Study 1 assessed which. Variation across countries in both the level and the predictors of opposition to immigration are mostly unrelated to contextual factors cited in previous research, notably the amount of immigration into a country and the overall state of its economy. economic crises make the ground fertile for the rise of feelings of hostility and fear against foreigners. cit., p. 1039. See Dimitris A. Antoniou, 'Muslim 'Symbolic' predispositions, such as preferences for cultural unity, have a stronger statistical effect than economic dissatisfaction. Until the late 1990s, the greatest threat to Greece was Turkey, as the two nations have had historical disputes over Cyprus and other territory for decades. A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes towards Factors like negotiating auditing fee, professional sanctions, legal liability, fear of loss of reputation and clientele as a result of inappropriate auditing behaviour. 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